A Texas court has dismissed a lawsuit filed by crypto developer Michael Lewellen, seeking a declaratory judgment that his software, Pharos, which facilitates donations to charitable crowdfunding campaigns, won’t be prosecuted for violating money-transmission laws.
Chief US District Judge Reed O’Connor dismissed the case on Wednesday, finding that Lewellen had failed to demonstrate a credible threat of imminent prosecution.
“Disappointed to see the court dismiss my suit today,” said Lewellen on X on Wednesday.
In its dismissal, the court also cited a Department of Justice memo stating that it will no longer target virtual currency exchanges, mixing and tumbling services or offline wallets for the acts of their end users or for unwitting violations of regulations.
“A non-binding DoJ memo is no substitute for real legal certainty,” added Lewellen.
Crypto software developers are increasingly seeking legal protections to shield themselves from criminal liability over the software they create.
Other crypto software developers prosecuted
Lewellen, a fellow at crypto advocacy group Coin Center, which backed the suit, argued in his legal complaint last January that developers of software similar to his product, such as those behind Tornado Cash and Samourai Wallet, have faced prosecution under these laws.
Source: Michael Lewellen
Tornado Cash co-founder Roman Storm was convicted last year on charges of conspiracy to operate an unlicensed money-transmitting business. The co-founders of privacy-focused Bitcoin wallet Samourai Wallet were found guilty on the same charge — both cases cited by Lewellen as evidence of a real legal threat to developers like himself.
However, Judge O’Connor argued that the “core conduct of those cases is money laundering.”
“By contrast, the core conduct here would be running a business. And Lewellen disclaims any knowing transmission of criminal funds, which is central to the prosecutions he invokes,” Judge O’Connor wrote.
Case dismissed for now but it might not be over
Lewellen said his lawyers are exploring all options for a path forward.
Judge O’Connor dismissed the case without prejudice, meaning Lewellen could pursue the same action again with certain corrections or modifications.
Peter Van Valkenburgh, the executive director at Coin Center, said the memo cited by Judge O’Connor “has not provided meaningful protection to developers, given the outcomes in the Tornado Cash and Samourai Wallet cases.”
Both Valkenburgh and Lewellen have now called for Congress to pass the Blockchain Regulatory Certainty Act of 2026.
Introduced by Senator Cynthia Lummis in January, the legislation aims to clarify that developers and providers of non-custodial software who do not control user funds are not subject to money transmitter laws.
Source: Peter Van Valkenburgh
“So while I hope the court is right that non-custodial software developers are not at real risk, the Blanche memo is not enough to secure their rights. It is a vague enforcement signal, not a durable limit on government power,” Valkenburgh added.
“Worse, the court has now used that vague signal as a reason not to provide actual judicial clarity on the scope of developer liability. Instead of a clear rule, developers get a revocable memo and a court telling them not to worry.”
