The White House Council of Economic Advisers thinks it has found a $35 billion idea hiding inside America’s retirement accounts. The pitch: let 401(k) holders invest in private equity, and the resulting capital deployment could generate $35 billion in annual GDP growth for the US economy.
The projection, published in a CEA report in August 2025, rests on a specific assumption. If retail investors shifted roughly 20% of their retirement assets toward private markets, the returns and downstream economic activity would produce that headline figure.
Given that 401(k) plans held an estimated $10.5 trillion in total assets as of 2023, even a modest reallocation would funnel an enormous amount of capital into corners of the market that most everyday investors have never touched.
From executive order to proposed regulation
The CEA report didn’t emerge in a vacuum. President Trump signed an executive order on August 7, 2025, that explicitly encouraged expanding access to alternative assets, including cryptocurrencies, within retirement portfolios. That order set the regulatory machinery in motion.
The most concrete step came on March 30, 2026, when the US Department of Labor introduced a proposed rule creating a “safe harbor” for plan fiduciaries. In plain English: fund managers who include crypto assets, private equity, or private credit in 401(k) offerings wouldn’t automatically face legal liability, as long as they follow specific risk-assessment guidelines.
The proposal kicked off a 60-day comment period, inviting feedback from industry participants, consumer advocates, and everyone in between.
The $10.5 trillion question
The scale of 401(k) assets makes this conversation matter far more than a typical policy tweak. At $10.5 trillion, the defined contribution plan market is roughly the size of the entire Chinese stock market. Even fractional shifts in allocation could send tidal waves through private equity, private credit, and crypto markets.
Critics see a very different picture. The Economic Policy Institute has been among the most vocal opponents, warning that speculative investments like crypto could endanger the retirement savings of ordinary Americans. Their core concern is straightforward: private markets are illiquid, volatile, and complex.
The illiquidity point is particularly sharp. Unlike publicly traded stocks, private equity investments can lock up capital for years. A retiree who needs to make withdrawals on a predictable schedule might find that a meaningful chunk of their portfolio simply cannot be converted to cash when they need it.
Employers aren’t exactly rushing in
Even if regulators green-light every proposed change, there’s a critical intermediary standing between policy and practice: employers. Discussions in April 2026 revealed a notable hesitance among plan sponsors to adopt the new framework.
The reluctance makes sense. The safe harbor rule is permissive, not mandatory. No employer is required to add private equity or crypto to their 401(k) menu.
What this means for investors
The private equity industry stands to benefit more immediately. Firms like Blackstone, KKR, and Apollo have been aggressively building retail-facing products in anticipation of exactly this kind of regulatory shift. The $35 billion GDP estimate from the CEA essentially validates their thesis that retail capital is the next frontier.
The risk that deserves the most attention isn’t volatility itself, but rather the mismatch between illiquid assets and the liquidity needs of retirees. A 30-year-old with decades until retirement can absorb a multi-year lockup period in a private equity fund. A 60-year-old five years from drawing down their account cannot.
