Ethereum’s layer 2 (L2) ecosystem is rapidly expanding, accelerating the network’s transition to scalability. GrowThePie, a crypto analytics platform, predicts that the Ethereum Mainnet may reach 10,000 transactions per second (TPS) by 2031, driven by the rapid expansion of layer 2 (L2) solutions.
According to GrowThePie, the Ethereum Mainnet processed an average of 18.6 transactions per second (TPS) last month. The blockchain data site argued that the network must increase throughput by approximately 537 times from its current level of 18.6 TPS to reach its long-term scaling objective of 10,000 TPS.
From 2015 to the present, ETH has scaled from about 0.71 TPS to 18.6 TPS, a 26.2x increase.
Arbitrum One growth accelerates Ethereum L2 activity
Ethereum’s L2s are exploding in activity, and L1 is next.
Mainnet is expected to scale from 18.6 TPS today to over 10,000 TPS by 2031.
A 500x+ increase in capacity.
This growth will come from upgrades like Danksharding, data availability sampling, and execution… pic.twitter.com/Ty5yEz91Ut
— Leon Waidmann 🔥 (@LeonWaidmann) November 5, 2025
Arbitrum One saw significant growth, with 3.56 million transactions and 242.78K active addresses between May and November 2025. The network had a stablecoin supply of $7.91 billion and secured a total value of $16.34 billion. With $363.71 in revenue, there was a $361K on-chain profit.
Arbitrum dominates DeFi in terms of utility and transactions. Source: GrowThePie
Arbitrum One leads on-chain activity with 28.93% in DeFi and 21.22% in Utility applications. The network’s presence in decentralized finance and cross-chain connections is evident in its 14.88% share of all transactions overall.
On-chain data reveal that Optimism Mainnet’s layer 2 indicators have demonstrated steady growth across key fundamentals between August and November 2025. There were 38.5K active addresses, 2.03 million transactions, and an average throughput of 8.3 Mgas/s. The network secured a total value of $2.75 billion with a stablecoin supply of $653.67 million and $142.48 in app income.
The ETH L2 ecosystem continues to gain momentum, driven by ZKSync’s surge and the emergence of new scaling patterns. Last week, a tweet from Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin triggered a surge in the price of ZKsync.
“ZKsync has been doing a lot of underrated and valuable work in the Ethereum ecosystem. Excited to see this come from them!”
–Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum Co-founder.
On October 31, Alex Gluchowski, the co-founder of ZKsync, stated on X (Twitter) that the ZKsync Atlas improvement will result in almost no costs, 15k+ TPS, and 1-second ZK finality. He claimed that L2s can now rely on ETH as the institutional capital liquidity center for real-time transactions.
Gluchowski explained that Atlas reduces L1 to L2 interop latency below an ETH block’s finality time. He added that Atlas reduces L2 to L2 interop latency to about one second. Gluchowski explained that the reduction implies that a separate liquidity center is no longer needed for institutional and RWA flows, where participants really wait for ETH finality.
ETH TPS surges while L2 networks cut transaction costs
GrowThePie claimed that with future advancements, the ETH ecosystem’s objective is to scale by about three times annually. The platform emphasized that the pace of TPS is expected to quicken after years of consistent progress. The platform stated that by the end of the decade, the pace would surpass today’s 18.6 TPS, reaching 10,000 TPS.
Ethereum Mainnet targets massive 10,000 TPS by 2031. Source: GrowThePie
Ethereum Mainnet has steadily increased its capacity and efficiency since launch, without compromising security or decentralization. The crypto analytics platform emphasized that the Ethereum Mainnet underwent several major renovations that helped to increase its capacity and efficiency gradually.
As of today, the ETH ecosystem is sustaining strong on-chain performance, with an average of 499.1 transactions per second (TPS). ETH ecosystem experienced an all-time high of 5,513 TPS and a 24-hour peak of 4,343 TPS.
Token transfer fees, on the other hand, show the inefficiencies of Mainnet and L2 networks. Ethereum Mainnet transactions typically incur a cost of $0.7023 per transfer, whereas L2 networks charge only $0.0031.
On-chain economic activity is still changing. Application revenue has increased to $41.8 million, of which 15.73% comes from L2s. L2s account for 7.77% of the stablecoin supply, which has increased to $188.6 billion at the same time.
